European Convention on Human Rights

The creation of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950

The ECHR was born out of the need to prevent the atrocities of World War II from happening again. The Council of Europe, founded in 1949, aimed to promote democracy, human rights, and the rule of law in Europe. One of its first undertakings was drafting the ECHR, which was adopted on 4 November 1950 and came into force in 1953.

When drafting the ECHR, the main countries involved were the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium. These countries contributed significantly to the formulation of the Convention's text and its principles. The authors drew inspiration from various sources, such as the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and existing national legal systems.

Key principles and objectives of the European Convention on Human Rights

The ECHR aims to protect several fundamental human rights and freedoms that underpin democratic societies. These rights are universal, inalienable, and indivisible, meaning they apply to all individuals regardless of who they are or where they come from.

Some of the key rights and freedoms protected by the ECHR include:

• Right to life (Article 2)
• Freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment (Article 3)
• Freedom from slavery and forced labour (Article 4)
• Right to liberty and security (Article 5)
• Right to a fair trial (Article 6)

The ECHR also establishes the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), which monitors the compliance of member states with the Convention. The Court has jurisdiction to hear cases brought by individuals, non-governmental organizations, or even other member states alleging violations of the Convention's provisions.

The impact on European countries, including the UK

The ECHR has had a profound impact on European countries, not only by directly providing a legal framework for human rights protection but through influence on national laws, policies and judicial decisions. Its principles have been integrated into the legal systems of member states, ensuring human rights considerations are taken into account at every level.

Furthermore, the ECHR's influence can be observed in numerous legal developments and reforms. For example, the Convention has shaped the legal landscape regarding privacy rights, free speech, and discrimination. Many European countries have introduced new anti-discrimination laws, abolished the death penalty or reformed criminal law procedures in response to rulings made by the ECtHR.

The ECHR remains a vital instrument for the advancement of human rights across Europe. Through its principles and objectives, the Convention has had a lasting impact on European countries, including the UK, shaping legal systems and promoting respect for individual rights and freedoms.

Understanding the European Convention on Human Rights Articles

Getting to grips with the articles of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is essential for understanding the scope of the rights and freedoms they aim to protect. We'll now provide you with an overview and summary of these articles, before delving into more detail on some of the most important ones for rights protection.

Overview and summary of the European Convention on Human Rights Articles

The ECHR consists of various articles, each focusing on specific human rights and freedoms. Original articles, later protocols, and amendments have been added over time, expanding the scope of the Convention and adapting it to societal developments.

Below is a summary of key articles in the ECHR:

Important articles to focus on for rights protection

Laying the foundation for a comprehensive and robust human rights framework, certain ECHR articles stand out as crucial aspects of rights protection. We'll delve into these important articles, examining their significance in safeguarding individual rights and freedoms.

Article 2: The Right to Life

As a cornerstone of human rights, the right to life imposes both positive and negative obligations on states. It requires governments not only to refrain from taking someone's life through, for example, extrajudicial killings but also to actively protect life by investigating suspicious deaths and implementing appropriate legal and policy measures.

There are exceptions to this right, including when loss of life results from the use of force necessary to prevent crime, protect others, or else in self-defence. However, such exceptions are narrowly interpreted and strictly regulated by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR).

Article 3: Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

Article 3 is an absolute right, which means that no exceptions or derogations are permitted. It prohibits torture, inhuman treatment, degrading treatment, or punishment, regardless of the circumstances. The ECtHR considers the severity of the victim's suffering, the reasons for the ill-treatment, and the context in which the treatment took place when determining whether a violation has occurred.

Article 6: Right to a Fair Trial

Ensuring the proper administration of justice, Article 6 outlines the minimum standards for a fair trial. This includes the presumption of innocence, the right to a public hearing, adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence, the right to legal assistance, and the right to examine witnesses, amongst others. In both criminal and civil proceedings, it is essential for maintaining trust in the justice system.

Article 14: Prohibition of Discrimination

Article 14 prevents discrimination in the enjoyment of the ECHR rights and freedoms, ensuring that laws and policies are applied equally to everyone. It encompasses a wide range of grounds, including sex, race, religion, national or social origin, disability, and sexual orientation, among others. However, this article only provides protection from unequal treatment in the context of other ECHR rights; it does not stand alone as a general prohibition against discrimination.

In summary, understanding the ECHR's articles, especially the articles most important to rights protection, is crucial for grasping the legal framework that safeguards individuals' rights and freedoms across Europe. These articles, in conjunction with additional protocols, form the basis for ensuring respect for human rights and providing remedies for those suffering violations within the Council of Europe's member states.

European Convention on Human Rights in the UK

The UK's relationship with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a particularly important one, as the Convention has been incorporated into UK law through the Human Rights Act 1998. The ECHR has had a profound impact on UK law, shaping the development of key legislation and guiding case outcomes. We will now examine its implementation through the Human Rights Act and explore its implications on UK law and cases, as well as the role of the UK's Supreme Court in applying the Convention's principles.

The implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights through the Human Rights Act

Before the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998, UK citizens could not rely directly on the ECHR in domestic courts, meaning that they had to take their case to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg if they believed their Convention rights had been violated. This was a time-consuming and expensive process, making it difficult for many individuals seeking justice.

The Human Rights Act, which came into force on 2 October 2000, aimed to bring ECHR rights "home" by integrating the Convention's principles into UK law. Key features of this integration include:

• Requiring all UK legislation to be interpreted in a way that is compatible with ECHR rights, where possible (section 3 of the Human Rights Act)
• Allowing UK courts to award remedies for violations of ECHR rights, including compensation and declarations of incompatibility (sections 8 and 10 of the Human Rights Act)
• Holding public authorities to account by making it unlawful for them to act in a way that is incompatible with Convention rights (section 6 of the Human Rights Act)

It is important to note that the Human Rights Act does not give UK courts the power to strike down primary legislation that is incompatible with ECHR rights. Instead, when a court concludes that a piece of legislation cannot be interpreted in a way that is compatible with a Convention right, it can issue a declaration of incompatibility. However, this does not affect the validity of the legislation; it merely signals to Parliament that an amendment may be necessary to bring it in line with ECHR principles.

Effects of the European Convention on Human Rights on UK law and cases

Since the incorporation of the ECHR into UK law through the Human Rights Act, courts across the country have been applying its principles in various ways. ECHR rights have influenced the development of legislation, the interpretation of existing laws, and the outcomes of individual cases. A few notable effects of the European Convention on Human Rights on UK law and cases include:

• Shaping the legal landscape regarding privacy rights, free speech, and discrimination, such as influencing the development of a privacy law in response to Article 8 of the ECHR, which protects the right to respect for private and family life
• Offering new avenues for challenging government actions, policies, and decision-making processes that infringe upon ECHR rights, promoting greater transparency and accountability among public authorities
• Challenging and reforming certain aspects of criminal law and procedure in the UK, including the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the ECHR and the prohibition of inhuman and degrading treatment under Article 3 of the ECHR

The role of the UK's Supreme Court in applying the European Convention on Human Rights

As the highest appellate court in the UK, the Supreme Court has a key role in applying the ECHR and interpreting the Human Rights Act. It hears cases involving important points of law and considers the compatibility of UK legislation with Convention rights. The Supreme Court's decisions involving ECHR rights, also known as 'jurisprudence', guide lower courts on how to interpret and apply the Convention's principles. Key aspects of the Supreme Court's role in applying the European Convention on Human Rights include:

• Determining whether a particular action of a public authority infringes upon an individual's ECHR rights, and providing guidance on how these rights should be balanced against other competing interests or legal principles
• Using ECHR jurisprudence from the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to guide their interpretation and application of ECHR rights, while still retaining the flexibility to develop UK-specific interpretations of Convention rights (also known as the 'margin of appreciation')
• Contributing to the development of ECHR law at the European level by engaging in a 'dialogue' with the ECtHR, exchanging legal opinions and jurisprudence on Convention rights and their application in specific cases
• Ensuring that the ECHR's principles remain relevant and effective in the UK by interpreting and applying them in a way that is consistent with the UK's legal traditions and values

The UK's Supreme Court plays an essential role in protecting and promoting the rights enshrined in the ECHR and ensuring that these principles are effectively applied and enforced within the UK's legal system.

The evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights

Since its inception in 1950, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has played a critical role in promoting human rights and the rule of law among Council of Europe member states. Throughout its existence, the ECHR has undergone significant changes in both its scope and content. This evolution has helped the Convention remain relevant and effective, addressing contemporary challenges faced by countries, and fostering the continued development and protection of human rights across Europe.

The impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on countries and human rights developments

Over the years, the ECHR has had a lasting influence on human rights developments in Europe, shaping national laws, policies, and practices. The ECHR's impact spans a variety of fields, from civil and political rights to social, economic, and cultural rights. Some key areas where the Convention has made a difference include:

• Strengthening democracy, by protecting the rights to free expression, assembly, and association, which are essential components of a healthy and open political system
• Fostering greater equality and combating discrimination, through the prohibition of discrimination under Article 14 and the development of a robust body of jurisprudence that addresses various forms of bias and prejudice
• Improving accountability and transparency, as states are required to comply with ECHR provisions and are subject to the scrutiny of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), which hears individual cases and ensures state compliance
• Protecting and advancing civil liberties and personal freedoms, such as the rights to privacy, freedom of religion, and protection from torture or inhuman treatment
• Promoting social and economic rights, as the ECHR's principles have increasingly been interpreted to encompass issues such as housing, education, and access to healthcare

Beyond its direct effects on domestic laws and policies, the ECHR has also fostered a culture of human rights and cooperation among European countries. By requiring states to adhere to shared principles and values, the Convention has facilitated a collective effort to improve human rights protection across the continent.

The role of the Council of Europe in driving change through the European Convention on Human Rights

As the guardian of the ECHR, the Council of Europe plays a vital role in promoting and ensuring the effective implementation of the Convention's principles among its member states. Key functions of the Council of Europe in driving change through the ECHR include:

• Monitoring compliance with the Convention, through mechanisms such as the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), which hears individual applications alleging violations of the ECHR rights, and the Committee of Ministers, which supervises the execution of the Court's judgments
• Providing assistance and guidance to member states, through activities such as capacity-building, training programmes, and expert advice on implementing ECHR provisions and the Court's jurisprudence
• Facilitating dialogue and the sharing of best practices among countries and stakeholders, by holding events, consultations, and conferences focused on human rights developments and challenges
• Developing new legal standards and guidelines, as the ECHR's interpretation evolves over time, and protocols are added to expand the list of protected rights and adjust procedural aspects
• Engaging with civil society and international organisations, to foster cooperation, support advocacy efforts, and encourage greater human rights protection at the national and local levels

Through its various functions, the Council of Europe actively contributes to driving change and improving human rights protection by ensuring that the ECHR remains a living instrument, capable of adapting to new challenges and addressing the needs of European citizens.