Cultural Geography

Culture in Human Geography

Culture includes mentifacts like religion and language, artifacts like books and movies, and sociofacts such as gender identity. Culture helps create identity, meaning, and continuity in human society.

In human geography, culture is not just limited to cultural geography. Economic geography recognizes that one of the reasons that economic activities vary from place to place is cultural difference. Political geography derives much of its insights from cultural geography, given that so many political issues that involve ethnicity, boundaries, and territory stem from cultural differences. Agricultural geography is also based in culture, and in population geography, the roots of migration are often cultural.

Therefore, cultural geography can be seen as a fundamental part of human geography. This is because, if we want to understand a human society, we naturally must first ask what ethnicity or ethnicities it includes, what languages are spoken, and what religions are practiced. Without cultural geography, it is largely impossible to interpret even data like population or income. So, you will see that in almost every geographical study, culture is key to understanding.

Introduction to Cultural Geography

Let's take a look at the foundations of this critical field.

History of Cultural Geography

US cultural geography grew out of Carl Sauer's rejection of Environmental Determinism (more on this below). Sauer (1889-1975), a geographer at the University of California-Berkeley, was the "godfather" of the Berkeley School of Latin Americanist Geography. His students, and their students, fanned out across the geography departments of the US, diffusing "Sauerian" cultural geography far and wide.

Sauer advocated the study of cultural landscapes over time to understand the imprint societies have on the physical landscape. His most famous article on this topic was 'The Morphology of Landscape' (1925).¹

Since the 1970s, cultural geographers practicing the so-called "new cultural geography" have searched far and wide for inspiration in their quests to interpret the cultural landscape in ever more complex and nuanced ways. Marxism, feminism, cultural studies, post-structural philosophy, and many other approaches have been used to turn cultural geography into a highly theoretical field that is as varied as culture itself. Within this variety of subjects and approaches, some commonalities stand out.

Basic Concepts in Cultural Geography

Below are some commonly invoked geographic terms that cultural geographers use.

Place

In cultural geography, places are geographic locations that humans imbue with meaning. This meaning is often called the Sense of Place.

Cultural Identity

Each culture or subculture has defining characteristics that make up a separate identity. Individual people can have multiple cultural identities. Cultural identities shift over time and are passed down from generation to generation.

Cultural Landscape

The physical landscape is overlain by human culture. Specifically, it bears the imprint of mentifacts, artifacts, and sociofacts left there by the cultural identities that have inhabited all the places that comprise it. The most common unit of analysis in cultural geography is the cultural landscape.

Patterns and Processes

Cultural geography studies the ways that culture is organized in space. An example of a cultural pattern is the spatial arrangement of the speakers of a language. An example of a cultural process is diffusion.

Diffusion

A core concept in cultural geography, diffusion refers to the many ways that cultural artifacts, mentifacts, and sociofacts move from one place to another.

Relationship between Geography and Culture

Carl Sauer became the most important US geographer because he rebelled against a dominant paradigm of Environmental Determinism of luminaries like Ellen Churchill Semple (1863-1932): that the physical landscape determines human culture. Instead, he, and his many students, asserted that people are powerful forces in shaping the physical landscape. Sauer advocated possibilism, in other words.

Yes, there are constraints put on human activity by the Earth, its climate, geology, and other species. But human culture, according to Sauer, has had a far greater impact on the Earth than most people realize. He and his students explored Latin America and other regions in vast detail to document and interpret just how much impact humans have had and continue to have.

Fig. 1 - Agricultural terraces in the Peruvian Andes are a cultural landscape demonstrating how people shape the physical landscape

Importance of Cultural Geography

Cultural geography's importance in overturning paradigms of environmental determinism should not be forgotten, as it is still relevant. Cultural geography often searches for harmony between human activity and nature, and as such as been highly influential in fields such as urban geography and urban planning.

Many cultural geography studies look at how people create resilient rural landscapes over time, by shaping the physical landscape while adapting to natural processes. The cultural geography viewpoint is that people are not separate from nature, but rather intertwined with nature, particularly in traditional settings where societies respect the environment rather than seeking to control or destroy it for profit. In this way, via its Sauerian roots, cultural geography has influenced environmentalism and environmental studies.

Cultural Geography Examples

Cultural geography offers us a vast panorama. Here are just a couple of examples.

Diffusion of Religions

All religions start in a single place known as a hearth. Some religions then diffuse, spreading outward in different directions. A few religions encircle the globe. The reasons this happens, and the consequences, are profound.

Southwestern Asia is notable as the hearth for several different religions. This is because these religions have similar origins. Three significant religions from southwestern Asia—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—are culturally related and have all diffused worldwide, though in different ways and for different reasons. Judaism, an ethnic religion, was carried mainly by ethnically Jewish people who lived in concentrated communities within urban areas, forming the Jewish diaspora. Then, after centuries of terrible persecution ending in the Holocaust, Jews were able to return to the hearth of their religion—Palestine—and re-establish a Jewish state known as Israel. Christianity, a universalizing religion, spread worldwide via conquest and conversion; Islam spread in a similar way over much of Africa, Asia, and Europe, but did not make much headway in the Americas. Christians, Muslims, and Jews have much in common, but are also often in conflict within their own religions and across the three religions.

Fig. 2 - Islamic landscape in Queens, New York

You can see from this that cultural geography leads right into political geography. Again and again, culture forms the basis for the ways humans govern themselves and set up boundaries and territories.

Diffusion through Colonialism and Imperialism

The political geographical processes of colonialism and imperialism have always had cultural dimensions. "Gold, God, and glory," the three oft-mentioned motivations for European global expansion after 1450, include the cultural dimensions of spreading Christianity together with the economic dimension of financial wealth. Indeed, every time humans set out to conquer other parts of the world, they bring their culture with them, even if the primary motivation isn't changing the culture of their new subjects.

Fig. 3 - Capsicum chili peppers grown in San Rafael Bulacan in the Philippines. Chilis diffused via the Columbian Exchange from Mexico across the world, including other Spanish colonies like the Philippines

European colonialism explains why the dominant religions in the Americas are Protestantism and Roman Catholicism (both of which are forms of Christianity); why the dominant languages are English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese; why the dominant architectural forms are copied from Europe; and why the dominant value systems are based on European cultures. It is also how the Columbian Exchange resulted in the worldwide diffusion of indigenous crops like hot peppers, potatoes, and corn.

Visit most cultural landscapes in the Americas and you will see that evidence of artifacts, mentifacts, and sociofacts from Europe dominate, though these will be a mixture from different eras and cultures. Depending on where you are, you may also detect a predominance of indigenous culture as well as culture from African and Asian diasporas. The fascinating varieties of influences in each and every landscape have come about through the ways that all these cultures have interacted with each other and with the physical landscape.